The Nature of "Dark" Gamma-Ray Bursts

Authors

J. Greiner, Max-Planck-Instiut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße
T. Krühler, Max-Planck-Instiut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße & Universe Cluster, Technische Universität München, BoltzmannstraßeFollow
S. Klose, Thüringer Landessternwarte TautenburgFollow
P. Afonso, Max-Planck-Instiut für Extraterrestrische Physik, GiessenbachstraßeFollow
C. Clemens, Max-Planck-Instiut für Extraterrestrische Physik, GiessenbachstraßeFollow
R. Filgas, Max-Planck-Instiut für Extraterrestrische Physik, GiessenbachstraßeFollow
Dieter H. Hartmann, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson UniversityFollow
A. Küpcü Yoldas, Institute of Astronomy, University of CambridgeFollow
M. Nardini, Max-Planck-Instiut für Extraterrestrische Physik, GiessenbachstraßeFollow
F. Olivares E., Max-Planck-Instiut für Extraterrestrische Physik, GiessenbachstraßeFollow
A Rau, Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik
A Rossi, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
P Schady, Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik
A Updike, Clemson University

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2-2011

Publication Title

Astronomy & Astrophysics

Volume

526

Publisher

EDP Sciences

Abstract

Context. Thirteen years after the discovery of the first afterglows, the nature of dark gamma-ray bursts (GRB) still eludes explanation: while each long-duration GRB typically has an X-ray afterglow, optical/NIR emission is only seen for 40-60% of them. Aims. Here we use the afterglow detection statistics of the systematic follow-up observations performed with GROND since mid-2007 in order to derive the fraction of “dark bursts” according to different methods, and to distinguish between various scenarios for “dark bursts”. Methods. Observations were performed with the 7-channel “Gamma-Ray Optical and Near-infrared Detector” (GROND) at the 2.2m MPI/ESO telescope. We used the afterglow detection rate in dependence on the delay time between GRB and the first GROND expo-sure. Results. For long-duration Swift bursts with a detected X-ray afterglow, we achieve a 90% (35/39) detection rate of optical/NIR after-glows whenever our observations started within less than 240 min after the burst. Complementing our GROND data with Swift/XRT spectra we construct broad-band spectral energy distributions and derive rest-frame extinctions. Conclusions. We detect 25-40% “dark bursts”, depending on the definition used. The faint optical afterglow emission of “dark bursts” is mainly due to a combination of two contributing factors: (i) moderate intrinsic extinction at moderate redshifts, and (ii) about 22% of “dark” bursts at redshift >5.

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The published version can be found here: http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2011/02/aa15458-10/aa15458-10.html

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