Date of Award
December 2020
Document Type
Dissertation
Degree Name
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Department
Chemistry
Committee Member
Modi Wetzler
Committee Member
Brian Powell
Committee Member
Joseph S. Thrasher
Committee Member
William Pennington
Abstract
The importance of the traditional 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl (tosyl) protecting groups in the widely used Richman-Atkins cyclization of azamacrocycles, in particular 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen), is investigated through the systematic variation of groups, and the properties of the tosyl groups that contribute to successful cyclization are identified. The first experimental evidence of the Thorpe-Ingold effect contributing to cyclization, in the form of crystallographic overlays with low root-mean-square deviations, is presented and is further supported by a computational conformational study. In the absence of a bulky group on the center of one of the cyclic precursors contributing to the steric Thorpe-Ingold effect, an electronic gauche effect arising from the electron-withdrawing nature of sulfonamides is observed to also cause curvature of the cyclic precursor, leading to the desired cyclic product.Cyclens with a 3:1 substitution pattern of the amines find important applications particularly in medical imaging but suffer from inefficient and low-yielding synthesis. An efficient synthesis, installing the 3:1 substitution pattern prior to cyclization, is designed and attempted using 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (nosyl) protecting groups. Initial nosyl deprotection attempts were thwarted by what is hypothesized to be incomplete deprotection resulting in amine – sulfur dioxide complexes, but these difficulties were overcome via aqueous hydrolysis. The trifluorotosyl group was explored as a possible protecting group for Richman-Atkins cylization, and deprotection conditions were identified. Trifluorotosylated amines were highly crystalline, and while the lattice energies were calculated to be similar to those of their tosylated analogues, an in-depth study of the intermolecular close contacts via Hirshfeld surface, ratio of frequencies, and electrostatic potential energy map analyses showed that fluorine atoms form weak but numerous intermolecular interactions. These interactions resulted in a lack of isostructurality in nine out of ten pairs of tosyl/trifluorotosyl analogues indicating that the simple CH3 to CF3 modification could be a useful tool in crystal engineering, especially in sulfa drug formulations.
Recommended Citation
Sibley, Megan Marie, "Conformational Studies Pertaining to Richman-Atkins Cyclization of Azamacrocycle Ligands and Developing Routes for Efficient Synthesis of 3:1 Cyclens" (2020). All Dissertations. 2757.
https://open.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2757