Date of Award

12-2025

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Master of Science (MS)

Department

Automotive Engineering

Committee Chair/Advisor

Benjamin Lawler

Committee Member

Brian Gainey

Committee Member

Harsh Sapra

Abstract

Stochastic end-gas autoignition in SI engines, commonly called ‘knock’, limits attainable engine efficiencies. Multiple pathways to extend SI engine operation into knock-limited regions have been studied, including direct water injection (DWI). This study employs single-cylinder engine experiments and modeling to investigate the knock resistance offered by compression stroke water injections, which have shown to thermally stratify the cylinder in HCCI. In SI, thermally stratifying injections are expected to forcibly widen the cylinder temperature distribution by preferentially cooling the cylinder periphery. The end-gas is in the cylinder periphery; therefore, a cooler end-gas would result in longer ignition delays, thus providing knock resistance.

The difference between intake air temperature required to match knock-limited CA50 conditions, and a baseline intake temperature at the load of 8 bar IMEPg was used to quantify the ‘effective charge cooling’ for the injection timings studied. Early compression stroke injections (-180 to -120 aTDC) provided higher effective charge cooling compared to later compression stroke and intake stroke injections. A compression stroke SOI sweep was performed at a non-knocking load of 6 bar IMEPg while holding the spark timing, intake temperature, and water mass constant to study the effect of SOI on the combustion process. Although CA50 advanced while delaying the SOI (-180 to -80 aTDC), post-CA50 burn durations stayed nearly constant, a behavior consistent with the presence of thermal stratification. Thus, it was concluded that injection timings which heterogeneously cool the cylinder extract higher knock resistance compared to bulk cooling.

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